I took out the SSD and did more testing. Using a different computer and an NVMe USB enclosure, the SSD seems quite alive:
# nvme smart-log /dev/nvme0n1
Smart Log for NVME device:nvme0n1 namespace-id:ffffffff
critical_warning : 0
temperature : 33 °C (306 K, 91 °F)
available_spare : 100%
available_spare_threshold : 5%
percentage_used : 0%
endurance group critical warning summary: 0
Data Units Read : 10784688 (5.52 TB)
Data Units Written : 12054937 (6.17 TB)
host_read_commands : 394704107
host_write_commands : 242760313
controller_busy_time : 846
power_cycles : 274
power_on_hours : 4959
unsafe_shutdowns : 154
media_errors : 0
num_err_log_entries : 0
Warning Temperature Time : 0
Critical Composite Temperature Time : 0
Temperature Sensor 1 : 33 °C (306 K, 91 °F)
Thermal Management T1 Trans Count : 0
Thermal Management T2 Trans Count : 0
Thermal Management T1 Total Time : 0
Thermal Management T2 Total Time : 0
But in the new Bee-Link PC, it won’t show up anymore. I don’t think there’s a problem with the fit, since I now removed it and placed it back inside but nothing changed, the SSD still won’t show up. (It did before for about 24 hours before all of this happened, I’m not sure what changed now.)